Espesantes de Líquidos en la Prevención de Neumonía por Aspiración
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70171/zwqdaz94Palabras clave:
disfagia, espesantes, IDDSI, neumonía por aspiración, reologíaResumen
Justificación: La neumonía por aspiración representa una complicación crítica de la disfagia orofaríngea, impactando significativamente en la mortalidad y en los elevados costos del sistema de salud actual. Objetivo: Se planteó como objetivo principal sintetizar la evidencia científica disponible sobre la efectividad de los agentes espesantes en la reducción de la incidencia de neumonía por aspiración. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática siguiendo los lineamientos PRISMA, en la cual se analizaron 50 artículos científicos publicados entre el año 2010 al 2026, obtenidos de bases de datos de alto impacto como PubMed, Scopus y ScienceDirect. Resultados: Se evidenció que los espesantes basados en goma xantana proporcionaron una estabilidad reológica superior frente a la amilasa salival en comparación con los de almidón, logrando una disminución significativa en las puntuaciones de la escala de penetración-aspiración. No obstante, se detectó que la adherencia al tratamiento en el hogar fue deficiente en un 45% de los casos evaluados, lo que limitó la efectividad profiláctica de la intervención. Conclusión: Se determinó que la modificación de la viscosidad bajo el estándar IDDSI constituye una estrategia compensatoria fundamental para mitigar riesgos respiratorios. Se concluyó que el éxito clínico requirió un equilibrio estricto entre la seguridad del bolo y la evitación de residuos faríngeos, sumado a un seguimiento multidisciplinar que asegurara la hidratación y nutrición del paciente.
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