Prevalencia, Factores Predisponentes e Implicaciones Hematológicas de la Anemia Ferropénica en Mujeres Gestantes y Niños: Revisión Sistemática

Alexander D. Demera Chica; Caleb I.  Chilán Santana; Cristóbal R. Barcia Menéndez; Vanessa E. Balcazar Leones

doi:10.70171/q07ads96

Autores/as

Alexander D. Demera-Chica Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabi Autor/a https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9204-3165
Caleb I. Chilán-Santana Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabi Autor/a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2832-8759
Cristóbal R. Barcia-Menéndez Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabi Autor/a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9139-7618
Vanessa E. Balcazar-Leones Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabi Autor/a https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0635-0189

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70171/q07ads96

Palabras clave:

: deficiencia de hierro, hemoglobina, PRISMA, suplementación férrica

Resumen

Justificación: la anemia ferropénica es la alteración hematológica más común a nivel mundial y, debido a su impacto en mujeres gestantes y niños, afecta el desarrollo neurológico, la función inmunológica y la calidad de vida. Por ello, es fundamental un análisis sistemático que determine su prevalencia, los factores que la originan y las alteraciones hematológicas que ocasiona. Objetivo: se propuso consolidar la prevalencia, factores predisponentes e implicaciones hematológicas de esta enfermedad en gestantes y niños, según estudios publicados entre 2021 y 2025. Metodología: se efectuó una revisión sistemática descriptiva bajo la guía PRISMA 2020, consultando bases como PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, Google Académico, Elsevier y ScienceDirect. De 275 registros iniciales, se seleccionaron 75 artículos con criterios de pertinencia, acceso libre y calidad metodológica. Resultados: los estudios evidenciaron que, en gestantes, la prevalencia osciló entre 10,5% y 63,7%, donde Corea registró la mayor. En la población infantil, varió del 18,9% al 45,05%, siendo Egipto el más afectado. Asimismo, destacaron hemorragias obstétricas, embarazos seguidos, dietas pobres, lactancia prolongada sin hierro y parasitosis como principales factores. Finalmente, las alteraciones hematológicas abarcaron microcitosis, hipocromía, baja ferritina, trombocitosis y déficit en transporte de oxígeno. Conclusión: se concluye que esta condición requiere acciones preventivas, suplementación accesible y políticas públicas que mitiguen su impacto y mejoren la salud materno-infantil.

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