Factores Desencadenantes, Manejo Clínico y Diagnóstico de la Púrpura Trombocitopénica Idiopática en Infantes: Revisión Sistemática

Alexander D. Demera-Chica; Caleb I. Chilán-Santana; William A. Lino-Villacreses; Jorge H. Fernández-Estrada

doi:10.70171/qh1gx816

Autores/as

Alexander D. Demera-Chica Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí Autor/a https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9204-3165
Caleb I. Chilán-Santana Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí Autor/a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2832-8759
William A. Lino-Villacreses Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí Autor/a https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5613-9958
Jorge H. Fernández-Estrada Hospital General Corazón de Jesús Autor/a https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8682-7961

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70171/qh1gx816

Palabras clave:

diagnóstico, hematología, infantes, inmunoterapia, trombocitopenia

Resumen

Justificación: la púrpura trombocitopénica idiopática (PTI) presenta un impacto clínico e inmunológico significativo en la infancia, agravado por la ausencia de pruebas diagnósticas específicas y la complejidad terapéutica; por ello, se requirió una síntesis de estudios actualizados que respalden un manejo oportuno y eficaz de esta condición. Objetivo: se pretendió analizar los factores desencadenantes, manejo clínico y diagnóstico de la púrpura trombocitopénica idiopática mediante investigaciones publicadas desde 2021 hasta 2025. Metodología: se utilizó la metodología PRISMA para revisiones sistemáticas en bases de datos como PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science y SciELO; de un total de 1.141 documentos revisados, se eligieron 60 estudios que reunían los requisitos de pertinencia temática, disponibilidad libre y redacción en los idiomas requeridos. Resultados: los estudios mostraron mayor prevalencia de PTI en Estados Unidos (34%) en 2022 y Bélgica (21%) en 2023, mientras que la menor fue también en Estados Unidos con solo un 0,8% en el mismo año. Además, se identificaron que las alteraciones genéticas, infecciones virales y factores clínicos son desencadenantes clave de la enfermedad; asimismo, el manejo clínico evidenció la intervención de abordajes personalizados. Por último, se observó que el diagnóstico combina pruebas inmunológicas, genéticas y hematológicas. Conclusión: la PTI en infantes requiere un diagnóstico integral y manejo individualizado debido a su complejidad inmunológica y clínica variable.

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